1Foundation and FundamentalsWhat chemistry studies and the language it is written in — matter and its classification, and the symbols, formulae and equations everything later depends on.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Matter and its classification
Symbols, formulae and chemical equations
Importance and scope of chemistry
3 topics
2StoichiometryThe mole, and the arithmetic that turns a balanced equation into a mass, a volume or a yield — limiting reactant, percentage yield and the gas laws applied to reactions.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Mole concept and Avogadro's number
Empirical and molecular formulae
Limiting reactant and percentage yield
Mass, volume and mole relationships in reactions
Equivalent weight and its determination
5 topics
3Atomic StructureHow the electron is arranged, from Bohr's shells to the quantum numbers — and the rules (Aufbau, Pauli, Hund) that decide where the next electron goes.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Rutherford and Bohr models of the atom
Quantum numbers and orbitals
Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule
Electronic configuration of elements
Isotopes, isobars and isotones
5 topics
4Classification of Elements and Periodic TableThe modern periodic law and the trends that follow from it — atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity, and why each moves as it does.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Modern periodic law and the long form periodic table
s, p, d and f blocks
Atomic and ionic radii
Ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity
Periodicity of properties
5 topics
5Chemical Bonding and Shapes of MoleculesWhy atoms join and what shape the result takes — ionic, covalent and co-ordinate bonds, VSEPR, hybridisation, and the hydrogen bonding that explains so much of water.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Ionic, covalent and co-ordinate covalent bonds
Lewis structures and the octet rule
VSEPR theory and molecular shapes
Hybridisation
Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces
Polarity and dipole moment
6 topics
6Oxidation and ReductionRedox in terms of electrons and of oxidation number, balancing by both methods — and Faraday's laws of electrolysis, which live here rather than in a separate unit.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Oxidation number and its rules
Balancing redox equations by oxidation number and ion-electron methods
Oxidising and reducing agents
Electrolysis and Faraday's laws
4 topics
7States of MatterGases, liquids and solids — the gas laws and the ideal gas equation, why real gases depart from them, and the crystalline order that gives isomorphism and allotropy.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Gas laws and the ideal gas equation
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Real gases and deviation from ideal behaviour
Liquefaction of gases and critical phenomena
Liquid state — vapour pressure, surface tension and viscosity
Crystalline and amorphous solids, isomorphism and allotropy
6 topics
8Chemical EquilibriumReversible reactions that arrive somewhere and stay — the law of mass action, Kp and Kc and how they relate, and Le Chatelier's principle applied to real processes.Board exam — Physical chemistry, 28 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
Law of mass action and equilibrium constant
Relationship between Kp and Kc
Le Chatelier's principle and its applications
4 topics
9Hydrogen, Oxygen and OzoneThe two commonest elements on the planet and the third form of oxygen — their preparation and properties, the classification of oxides, and hydrogen peroxide.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Position, isotopes and preparation of hydrogen
Oxygen — preparation, properties and uses
Classification of oxides — acidic, basic, neutral, amphoteric and mixed
Ozone — preparation, structure and depletion
Hydrogen peroxide — preparation, properties and uses
5 topics
10NitrogenNitrogen and its compounds — ammonia and the Haber process, nitric acid and the Ostwald process, and the oxides that connect them.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Nitrogen — occurrence, preparation and properties
Ammonia — Haber's process, properties and tests
Nitric acid — Ostwald's process and properties
Oxides of nitrogen
Fixation of nitrogen
5 topics
11HalogensGroup VII — the family trends, the hydrogen halides and why hydrogen iodide cannot be made the way hydrogen chloride is, and bleaching powder.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Group trends of the halogens
Chlorine — preparation, properties and uses
Hydrogen halides and their relative stability
Hydrochloric acid and its reactions
Bleaching powder — preparation, properties and uses
5 topics
12Carbon and PhosphorusCarbon's allotropes and oxides, and phosphorus — its allotropes, its acids and why white phosphorus is stored under water.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Allotropes of carbon — diamond, graphite and fullerene
Oxides of carbon and their properties
Allotropes of phosphorus
Phosphine and the oxyacids of phosphorus
4 topics
13SulphurSulphur and its compounds — hydrogen sulphide as a reagent, sulphur dioxide, and sulphuric acid as acid, oxidant, dehydrating agent and precipitant.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Allotropes of sulphur
Hydrogen sulphide — preparation, properties and as a reagent
Sulphur dioxide and sulphurous acid
Sulphuric acid — properties and reactions
Sodium thiosulphate
5 topics
14Metals and Metallurgical PrinciplesHow a metal is won from its ore — concentration, calcination and roasting, smelting and refining, and the reasons a particular route is chosen.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Minerals and ores, and the metallurgical sequence
Concentration of ores
Calcination and roasting
Smelting, flux and slag
Refining of metals
5 topics
15Alkali and Alkaline Earth MetalsGroups I and II — their family trends, sodium by the Down's process, and the thermal stability of the carbonates that separates the two groups so clearly.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Group trends of alkali metals
Sodium — Down's process, properties and compounds
Group trends of alkaline earth metals
Thermal stability of carbonates and nitrates
Compounds of calcium
5 topics
16Bio-inorganic ChemistryThe elements life is built from and the ones it needs in traces — the sodium pump and active transport, haemoglobin and chlorophyll.Board exam — Inorganic chemistry, 20 marks across 8 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Essential and trace elements in biological systems
Sodium-potassium pump and active transport
Haemoglobin and oxygen transport
Chlorophyll and magnesium
4 topics
17Basic Concept of Organic ChemistryWhy carbon has a chemistry of its own — catenation and tetravalency, functional groups, homologous series and the IUPAC rules for naming what follows.Board exam — Organic chemistry, 18 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Catenation and tetravalency of carbon
Classification of organic compounds
Functional groups and homologous series
IUPAC nomenclature
Isomerism — structural and stereoisomerism
5 topics
18Fundamental Principles of Organic ChemistryHow organic reactions actually proceed — bond fission, the reagents and intermediates, and the electronic effects that explain why a reaction goes where it does.Board exam — Organic chemistry, 18 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Purification of organic compounds
Qualitative and quantitative analysis
Homolytic and heterolytic fission
Carbocations, carbanions and free radicals
Inductive, electromeric and resonance effects
Types of organic reactions
6 topics
19HydrocarbonsAlkanes, alkenes and alkynes — their preparation and reactions, Markovnikov's rule, ozonolysis, and the tests that tell a saturated compound from an unsaturated one.Board exam — Organic chemistry, 18 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Alkanes — preparation, properties and Wurtz reaction
Alkenes — preparation, addition reactions and Markovnikov's rule
Ozonolysis and its applications
Alkynes — preparation and properties
Tests for unsaturation
5 topics
20Aromatic HydrocarbonsBenzene — its structure and the aromaticity that makes it substitute where an alkene would add, and the directive influence of the group already present.Board exam — Organic chemistry, 18 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Structure of benzene and aromaticity
Huckel's rule
Electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene
Directive influence of substituents
Preparation and uses of benzene
5 topics
21Fundamentals of Applied ChemistryHow chemistry is done at industrial scale — batch against continuous process, unit operations, and what makes a chemical industry viable in a country like Nepal.Board exam — Applied chemistry, 9 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Batch and continuous processes
Unit operations and unit processes
Raw materials and cost considerations
Chemical industries in Nepal — scope and challenges
4 topics
22Modern Chemical ManufacturesThe processes themselves — ammonia by Haber-Bosch, sulphuric acid by contact, sodium carbonate by Solvay, urea, and the fertilizers and cement built on them.Board exam — Applied chemistry, 9 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
