1Meristematic and Permanent TissueWhere a plant grows and what the growth hardens into: the three meristems, then parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and the xylem and phloem that carry the difference between a simple tissue and a complex one.Board exam — Plant Anatomy, 5 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Meristematic tissue: apical, intercalary and lateral
Simple permanent tissue: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
Complex permanent tissue: xylem and phloem
Differences between simple and complex permanent tissue
4 topics
2Tissue SystemThe same tissues read as a whole plant — epidermal, ground and vascular systems, the kinds of vascular bundle, and the anatomy that tells a monocot stem from a dicot one at a glance.Board exam — Plant Anatomy, 5 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems
Types of vascular bundle: radial, conjoint, collateral and bicollateral
Anatomy of a dicot and a monocot stem
Anatomy of a dicot and a monocot root
4 topics
3Water Relation of PlantsHow water moves without a pump: diffusion and osmosis, water potential and turgor, plasmolysis, and the active and passive routes by which a root takes water in.Board exam — Plant Physiology, 11 marks across 5 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Diffusion and osmosis
Osmotic pressure, turgor pressure and water potential
Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis
Absorption of water by roots: active and passive
4 topics
4TranspirationThe cost of keeping stomata open. Types of transpiration, the guard cells that open and close them, what changes the rate, and why a plant loses most of its water on purpose.Board exam — Plant Physiology, 11 marks across 5 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Types of transpiration: stomatal, cuticular and lenticular
Structure of the stomatal apparatus
Mechanism of stomatal opening and closing
Factors affecting transpiration and its significance
4 topics
5PhotosynthesisThe pigments that catch light, the cyclic and non-cyclic paths that turn it into ATP and NADPH, the Calvin cycle that spends both on carbon, and the factors that cap the rate.Board exam — Plant Physiology, 11 marks across 5 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Photosynthetic pigments and the absorption spectrum
Light reaction: cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Dark reaction: the Calvin cycle
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
4 topics
6RespirationReleasing that energy again — glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, what changes when oxygen runs out, and what the respiratory quotient reveals.Board exam — Plant Physiology, 11 marks across 5 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
Respiratory quotient and factors affecting respiration
4 topics
7Plant Growth and DevelopmentGrowth as a measurable curve, the five classes of regulator that shape it, and the way day length and cold decide when a plant flowers.Board exam — Plant Physiology, 11 marks across 5 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Phases of growth and the growth curve
Plant growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin
Abscisic acid and ethylene
Photoperiodism and vernalisation
4 topics
8Reproduction in AngiospermsThe flower as a reproductive organ: how pollen and the embryo sac are each built, from the spore mother cell to the gametes they carry.Board exam — Embryology, 5 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Structure of a typical flower
Microsporogenesis and the development of the male gametophyte
Megasporogenesis and the development of the embryo sac
3 topics
9Pollination and FertilizationGetting the gametes together — self and cross pollination and their agents, the three routes a pollen tube may take into the ovule, and the double fertilization unique to flowering plants.Board exam — Embryology, 5 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Self and cross pollination; agents of pollination
Entry of the pollen tube: porogamy, chalazogamy and mesogamy
Double fertilization and triple fusion
3 topics
10Development of Embryo and EndospermWhat the zygote becomes: the stages of the dicot embryo, the kinds of endosperm feeding it, and how seed and fruit are assembled around them.Board exam — Embryology, 5 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Development of the dicot embryo
Types of endosperm
Structure of a seed and of a fruit
3 topics
11Vegetative PropagationReproduction without seed. Natural methods, then cutting, layering and grafting — what each is for, and why a gardener would trade genetic variation for an exact copy.Board exam — Embryology, 5 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Natural vegetative propagation
Artificial vegetative propagation: cutting, layering and grafting
Types of grafting and their applications
Advantages and limitations of vegetative propagation
4 topics
12MendelismWhy Mendel succeeded where others had not, and the three laws that followed — dominance, segregation and independent assortment — with the crosses that demonstrate each.Board exam — Genetics, 12 marks across 6 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Mendel's experiments and the reason for his success
Law of dominance and law of segregation
Law of independent assortment; the dihybrid cross
Test cross and back cross
4 topics
13Linkage and Crossing OverGenes that travel together and the exception that maps them. Complete and incomplete linkage, parental against recombinant combinations, and chromosome mapping from recombination frequency.Board exam — Genetics, 12 marks across 6 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Linkage: complete and incomplete
Parental and recombinant combinations
Crossing over and its significance
Chromosome mapping
4 topics
14Sex Determination and Sex-linked InheritanceHow sex is decided and what rides along with it — the criss-cross pattern of colour blindness and haemophilia, and why it shows in one sex far more than the other.Board exam — Genetics, 12 marks across 6 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Mechanisms of sex determination
Sex-linked inheritance and criss-cross inheritance
Colour blindness and haemophilia
3 topics
15Molecular GeneticsDNA as the material itself: the evidence that it carries inheritance, the structure that explains copying, and the semi-conservative replication that the models competed to predict.Board exam — Genetics, 12 marks across 6 chaptersView topicsHide topics
DNA as the genetic material
Structure of DNA and of RNA
Models of DNA replication; the semi-conservative model
Mechanism of replication and the enzymes involved
4 topics
16Protein SynthesisReading the gene. The genetic code and its properties, transcription into messenger RNA, and translation at the ribosome into a chain of amino acids.Board exam — Genetics, 12 marks across 6 chaptersView topicsHide topics
The genetic code
Transcription
Translation
3 topics
17MutationChange in the message — point and frameshift mutations, structural and numerical chromosome changes, the syndromes each produces, and why mutation is both disease and raw material.Board exam — Genetics, 12 marks across 6 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Gene mutation: point mutation and frameshift mutation
Chromosomal mutation: structural and numerical
Sickle cell anaemia, Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndrome
Mutagens and the significance of mutation
4 topics
18Genetic Engineering and Tissue CultureCutting and pasting DNA with restriction enzymes and vectors, and growing a whole plant from a few cells by tissue culture.Board exam — Biotechnology, 4 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Tools of genetic engineering: restriction enzymes and vectors
Recombinant DNA technology
Plant tissue culture and micropropagation
3 topics
19Applications of BiotechnologyWhat the technique is used for: transgenic crops and GM foods, medicine and agriculture, and the environmental and health objections that follow them.Board exam — Biotechnology, 4 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Genetically modified organisms and transgenic crops
Biotechnology in medicine and agriculture
Environmental concerns, health risks and biosafety
3 topics
20Animal HusbandryCattle and buffalo as a managed system — improved breeds, dairy management, and the diseases that decide whether the management works.Board exam — Applied Biology, 9 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Cattle and buffalo rearing; improved breeds
Dairy management
Common cattle diseases and their control
3 topics
21Poultry FarmingLayers and broilers, the housing and feeding each needs, and the diseases a crowded flock is prone to.Board exam — Applied Biology, 9 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Breeds of fowl: layers and broilers
Poultry housing and management
Common poultry diseases
3 topics
22FisheryFish as a crop. Nepal's indigenous and introduced species, how a pond is built and managed, and why composite and integrated farming out-yield a single-species pond.Board exam — Applied Biology, 9 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Indigenous and exotic fish species of Nepal
Pond construction and management
Composite and integrated fish farming
3 topics
23Apiculture and SericultureTwo insects kept for what they make — the bee colony and its castes and products, and the silkworm reared through its life cycle for a single thread.Board exam — Applied Biology, 9 marks across 4 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Species of honey bee and the bee colony
Beekeeping and bee products
Silk moth and the rearing of silkworm
3 topics
24Epithelial TissueThe tissue that covers and lines. Simple squamous, cuboidal and columnar, the compound and glandular kinds, and why a pavement of flat cells is where exchange happens.Board exam — Animal Tissue, 5 marks across 3 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Simple epithelium: squamous, cuboidal and columnar
Compound and glandular epithelium
Squamous epithelium as pavement epithelium
Differences between squamous and cuboidal epithelium
4 topics
25Connective TissueThe tissue that binds and supports, from loose areolar to dense tendon — its fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages, and the cartilage, bone and blood that are also connective.Board exam — Animal Tissue, 5 marks across 3 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Loose and dense connective tissue
Cells of connective tissue: fibroblast, mast cell and macrophage
Cartilage, bone and blood as connective tissue
3 topics
26Muscular and Nervous TissueThe two tissues that act: striated, unstriated and cardiac muscle, and the neuron with its glia and the impulse it carries.Board exam — Animal Tissue, 5 marks across 3 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Striated, unstriated and cardiac muscle
Structure of a neuron
Neuroglia and the nerve impulse
3 topics
27Gametogenesis and FertilizationMaking the gametes and joining them — spermatogenesis against oogenesis, the structures each produces, and what fertilization restores and triggers.Board exam — Developmental Biology, 4 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis
Structure of sperm and of ovum
Fertilization and its significance
3 topics
28Early Development of FrogFrom one cell to a tadpole: cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation and neurulation, the three germ layers they lay down, and the metamorphosis that ends it.Board exam — Developmental Biology, 4 marks across 2 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Cleavage and blastulation
Gastrulation
Neurulation and the formation of germ layers
Metamorphosis in frog
4 topics
29Digestive SystemThe canal and its glands, what each region does to food, the bolus-chyme-chyle sequence, and how the products are finally absorbed.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Alimentary canal and digestive glands
Digestion in the mouth, stomach and duodenum
Bolus, chyme and chyle
Absorption of digested food
4 topics
30Respiratory SystemGetting oxygen in and carbon dioxide out — the lung's structure, the mechanics of breathing, and the chemistry by which blood carries both gases.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Organs of respiration and the structure of the lung
Mechanism of breathing
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
3 topics
31Circulatory SystemThe heart as a double pump: its chambers and valves, the cardiac cycle and blood pressure, and the blood, groups and clotting it moves.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Structure of the human heart
Cardiac cycle and blood pressure
Blood, blood groups and clotting
Double circulation
4 topics
32Excretory SystemThe kidney and the nephron inside it — filtration, reabsorption and secretion, the hormonal control of water, and what goes wrong in renal disorder.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Structure of the kidney
Structure and function of the nephron
Mechanism of urine formation and the role of ADH
Renal disorders and their risk factors
4 topics
33Nervous SystemControl by wire. The central and peripheral divisions, the brain and spinal cord, and the reflex arc that acts before the brain is consulted.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Central and peripheral nervous system
Structure of the brain and the spinal cord
Reflex action and the reflex arc
3 topics
34Sense OrgansThe eye and the ear taken apart — how an image is focused and resolved, how the internal ear turns vibration into hearing, and how the same organ keeps balance.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Structure of the human eye and the mechanism of vision
Structure of the human ear: external, middle and internal
Mechanism of hearing and of balance
3 topics
35Endocrine SystemControl by chemistry. The major glands and their hormones, the pituitary's command over several of them, and the disorders that follow too much or too little.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Endocrine glands and their hormones
Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands
Hormonal disorders
3 topics
36Reproductive SystemThe male and female systems, the menstrual cycle and ovulation that time them, and fertilization, pregnancy and the methods used to prevent it.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
Menstrual cycle and ovulation
Fertilization, pregnancy and birth control
4 topics
37Immunity and Organ TransplantationDefence and its cost — innate and acquired immunity, antigens, antibodies and vaccination, and why a transplanted cornea is accepted where a kidney is rejected.Board exam — Human Biology, 16 marks across 9 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Innate and acquired immunity
Antigens, antibodies and vaccination
Organ transplantation and graft rejection
3 topics
38Human PopulationPopulation as a measurable thing: natality, mortality and the migration terms, the growth that follows, and what is done to slow it.Board exam — Human Population and Health Disorders, 4 marks across 3 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Population growth and demography
Natality, mortality, immigration and emigration
Population explosion and its control
3 topics
39Communicable DiseasesDiseases that pass between people — typhoid and cholera through food and water, tuberculosis through air — their agents, symptoms, prevention, and why one is called a disease of poverty.Board exam — Human Population and Health Disorders, 4 marks across 3 chaptersView topicsHide topics
Diseases transmitted through contaminated food and water: typhoid and cholera
Pulmonary tuberculosis: causative agent, transmission and symptoms
Prevention of communicable diseases
3 topics
40Non-communicable Diseases and Health DisordersDiseases that do not spread: cardiovascular disorder and diabetes, cancer and its causes, and the harm of drugs, alcohol and tobacco.Board exam — Human Population and Health Disorders, 4 marks across 3 chaptersView topicsHide topics
